Why does agglomeration occur

Labor pooling. Both firms and regions benefit from labor market pooling. A cluster of firms in the same or similar industries facilitates the movement of workers between firms, resulting in more job opportunities. Not only does this generate more tax revenue for the region, but it also enhances the connections people have to a place and its social capital—or the collective value of social networks and shared norms and values in a region.

Higher wages. Wages are higher in urban areas where firms tend to agglomerate because workers in cities tend to be more productive and cities provide more learning opportunities. So when a worker migrates from a rural area to an urban area with strong industry clusters, their wages will rise over time as they learn and their productivity rises. Social and civic opportunities. Agglomeration of firms in the same and related industries in cities can enable formation of strong social networks and foster community civic engagement.

As mentioned before, agglomeration leads to greater employment opportunities for workers in a region. This makes it easy for workers to move from one firm to the next without having to leave the region, which facilitates greater attachment to the region and, as a result, a higher propensity to participate in civic activity.

Established residents may be more likely to vote in municipal elections, serve on public boards or commissions, volunteer, donate to local charities, send their children to community schools, and participate in a host of other facets of civic life. Such activity fosters the growth of social networks that can be leveraged for, among other things, leisure opportunities, romantic partners or career advancement.

How can economic developers leverage what they know about agglomeration to improve their communities? Two complementary approaches are to grow already-existing clusters and foster a sense of place for the region. Grow already-existing clusters. A good first step is knowing which industry clusters are already in your region. The aforementioned U.

Cluster Mapping Project can be helpful in this regard, especially the cluster portfolio dashboard. Figure 2 shows industry specialization in the Cleveland, Ohio, economic area. The industries in the upper-right quadrant are those with the greatest specialization. View interactive chart » Source: U. Clicking on any bubble on the interactive chart at the Cluster Mapping site will take you to the Region-Cluster Dashboard, which gives more information about the cluster in the Cleveland region, including subclusters and related clusters.

Knowing which clusters are dominant, and which clusters are related to these dominant clusters, can help economic developers decide how best to target resources to grow these industries. For instance, since the food processing and manufacturing cluster is related to the distribution and e-commerce and biopharma clusters, these clusters may be primed to grow and public officials may be wise to direct resources to facilitate this. A sense of place. In the 21st century especially, decisions about firm location often come down to the nature of the city itself— urbanization economies, in the agglomeration parlance.

Cities attract workers with particular skills that, in turn, attract firms. So perhaps the greatest factor driving agglomeration is the notion of a sense of place : When people enjoy living somewhere and feel a connection to the region, firms will follow. At its core, placemaking should be about investment in making the region sustainable, equitable and prosperous for its residents.

When place itself is the priority, rather than just jobs and economic growth, prosperity and growth are likely to follow. Simply put, if you build it, they—firms, residents, jobs—will come. Inside this Issue Mar-Apr vol. Indiana's most satisfying occupations: Exploring Glassdoor data for insight. However, a poor strength is observed by big particles and thin interphase.

Therefore, both R and t parameters affect the tensile strength of nanocomposites. Accordingly, it is essential to isolate and disperse the nanoparticles in polymer matrix at small size to achieve the best performances. This occurrence shows the significant role of nanoparticle size in the formation of interphase regions. It should be mentioned that the interphase regions may overlap in the systems containing high filler concentration.

Figure 5b also shows the effects of R and t levels on a interphase parameter. This evidence reveals that a depends on both R and t parameters. The small size and low density cause significant levels for number, surface area, stiffening efficiency, and specific surface area of nanoparticles.

Small nanoparticles and thick interphase present the high levels for B parameter, tensile strength, interphase volume fraction, and a interphase parameter. B decreases to below 3 when the size of nanoparticles grows to about 40 nm and the interphase thickness reduces to less than 10 nm. Nanoscale Res Lett 12 1 Article Google Scholar.

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Polym Compos 38 S1 :E—E Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The authors contribute to the calculations and discussion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Reprints and Permissions. Ashraf, M. Nanoscale Res Lett 13, Download citation. Received : 12 April Accepted : 28 June Published : 17 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract In this study, several simple equations are suggested to investigate the effects of size and density on the number, surface area, stiffening efficiency, and specific surface area of nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites.

Background The nanocomposites exhibit substantial properties by only small content of nanofiller [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Methods In this paper, the effects of filler size and density on the number, surface area, stiffening efficiency, and specific surface area of nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites are explained by proper equations.